Instead of the "basket" of individual typebars that swung up to strike the ribbon and page in a typical typewriter of the period, the Selectric had an "element" frequently called a "typeball", or less formally, a "golf ball" that rotated and pivoted to the correct position before striking the paper.

The element could be easily interchanged to use different fonts within the same document typed on the same typewriter, resurrecting a capability which had been pioneered by typewriters such as the Hammond and Blickensderfer in the late 19th century. The Selectric also replaced the traditional typewriter's horizontally-moving carriage with a roller platen that turned to advance the paper vertically, while the typeball and ribbon mechanism moved horizontally across the paper.

The Selectric mechanism was notable for using internal mechanical binary coding and two mechanical digital-to-analog converters , called whiffletree linkages, to select the character to be typed. Selectrics and their descendants eventually captured 75 percent of the United States market for electric typewriters used in business. The Selectric typewriter was introduced on July 31, Its industrial design is credited to influential American designer Eliot Noyes.

Noyes had worked on a number of design projects for IBM ; prior to his work on the Selectric, he had been commissioned in by Thomas J. Watson Jr. The Selectric remained unchanged until when the Selectric II was introduced. These machines used the same character typing elements. However they differed from each other in many respects:. In the Correcting Selectric II was announced. It added an internal correction feature to the Selectric II, intended to eliminate the need for typists to use cover-up tape, "white-out" correction fluid, or typewriter erasers.

The carriage on this machine held both the main typing ribbon cartridge and two small spools for a correction ribbon. A new ribbon type, the Correctable Film ribbon, was introduced at the same time.

This produced typing quality equal to the carbon film ribbon, but with a pigment designed to be easily removed from paper.

There were two types of correction tapes: the transparent and slightly adhesive "Lift-Off" tape for use with the correctable film ribbon , or the white "Cover-Up" tape for cloth, Tech-3, and carbon film ribbons. The correction tape was changed independently from the typing ribbon. The correction key an extra key at the bottom right of the keyboard backspaced the carriage by one space and also put the machine in a mode wherein the next character typed would use the correction tape instead of the normal ribbon, and furthermore would not advance the carriage.

The typist would press and release the correction key and then re-type the erroneous character, either lifting it off the page or if using other than the correctable ribbon covering it with white-out powder, then type the correct character. Any number of mistakes could be corrected this way, but the process was entirely manual, as the machine had no memory of the typed characters.

These featured electronically interfaced typing mechanisms and keyboards and a magnetic storage device either tape in a cartridge, or a magnetic-coated card the same size as an column punched card for recording, editing, and replaying typed material at ca. These machines were among the first to provide word processing capability in any form. They used the same elements as ordinary office Selectrics. In , the "Mag Card Executive" was offered. Unlike the various "Selectric Composer" models, there was no provision for setting the machine to vary the letter and word spacing to create justified copy.

Some of the fonts originally offered with the Mag Card Executive would later be made available for the Model 50 electronic typewriter, which supported proportional spacing with character elements. A monospaced "Typewriter Font", in which all characters occupied four units, was available for brief imitations of conventional typed text. Tab stops could be positioned only at intervals of one-sixth of an inch, or one pica.

To support backspacing over previously typed characters, the spacing code for the last forty or so characters typed was mechanically stored by small sliding plates in a carrier wheel. Like the Varityper with which it competed, the original machine required that material be typed twice if the output was to be justified.

The first time was to measure the length of the line and count the spaces, recording measurements read from a special dial on the right margin. The second time it was typed, the operator set the measurements into the dial to set justification for each line.

The process was tedious and slow, but did provide a way to get camera-ready, proportionally spaced, justified copy from a desk-sized, affordable machine. The elements for the Selectric Composer would physically fit on a Selectric and vice versa, but were not interchangeable because the characters were arranged and positioned differently around the element. Selectric Composer elements can be distinguished by their colored index arrow the color indicated which of the three type sizes and a series of letters and numbers identifying the font, size, and variation, for example "UNB" for Univers point bold Adrian Frutiger had adapted his Univers font specifically for the Selectric Composer.

However, the Composer, with its relatively small market, never had anything like the variety of typefaces available as there were for the Selectric see below. Not all typefaces were available in bold and italic in every size for every font. Bold italic, condensed, and light fonts were not available. The need to change elements frequently, sometimes multiple times in the same sentence, slowed work down and was a source of owner dissatisfaction. In typical use, Selectric elements were changed infrequently.

The small plastic balls were themselves somewhat fragile and not designed to withstand frequent handling. Nevertheless, the Composer allowed much more flexible use of different typefonts, allowing small businesses and organizations to approach the capabilities of professional typesetters, at a reduced cost.

Italic and bold were available for some but not all font "families". Up to three point sizes existed for each style and variety. In contrast with the Selectric, a change of type style usually required purchase of a family of type balls, rather than just a single one. Just as in the days of metal type, no single printing shop had every typeface, it was also rare for a user to possess a complete set, but no user needed to; a publication that could use the somewhat bookish, academic Aldine Roman would probably not have much use for the Classified News or Copperplate Gothic used most often for formal invitations and business cards.

The following font families were available for the Composer:. In contrast to the Selectric typewriter, only IBM made elements for the standard typefaces usually used with the Composer. GP, which made elements for the Selectric typewriter, did make one Composer element in an Old English typeface. The "Electronic Composer" with approximately characters of internal memory, similar to the later Magnetic Card model but without external storage was marketed from All these models used the same Selectric Composer output printing mechanism.

However, the magnetic or internal storage allowed these improved models to avoid the need to type in justified text twice, or to manually set the mechanism for justification of each line.

This allowed much of the time-consuming manual transcription work and proofreading to be performed on less-expensive equipment, while a final high-quality output could be printed on the Composer.

For a number of years after its introduction, the Selectric Composer was considered a highly desirable, powerful desk-sized cold type setting system, affordable by small businesses and organizations.

It was usually leased, including a service contract for the skilled labor required to fix and adjust it. The Selectric Composer was accorded respect and affection among small publishers, unrivaled until the appearance of the Apple Macintosh , laser printer , and desktop publishing software.

In , IBM introduced the Selectric III , followed by several other Selectric models, some of them word processors or typesetters instead of typewriters, but by then the rest of the industry had caught up, and IBM's new models did not dominate the market the way the first Selectric had.

This was to be expected, as by the late s the Selectric typewriter's dominance was under assault from both character per second proportional-spacing electronic typewriters with inbuilt memory e. In addition, IBM had already c. Nevertheless, IBM had a large installed base of Selectric typewriters and to retain customer loyalty it made sense to introduce updated models. The Selectric III featured a character element vs. IBM's series of "Electronic Typewriters" used this same character element.

The character elements can be identified by yellow printing on the top plastic surface and the legend "96", which always appears along with the font name and pitch. The and character elements are mechanically incompatible with each other they won't fit on each other's machines and character elements were not available in as many fonts as the older character types.

Most Selectric IIIs and Electronic Typewriters had keys only for 92 printable characters; the character keyboard was an optional feature. Fitting the additional keys onto the keyboard required shrinking the Return and Backspace keys.

This was annoying to many typists, so it was not the default configuration. Some versions of the Electronic Typewriter, the original Model 50, and the later Model 65 and 85, could use character elements with proportionally-spaced typestyles in addition to pitch and pitch typestyles. Many daisywheel typewriters, offering similar capabilities, also had daisywheel elements for pitch typing, using four units per character.

Limited to a single fixed pitch either cpi Pica or cpi Elite, though either pica or elite type elements could be used , the typewriter was significantly less expensive than either the Selectric II or Selectric III and targeted the home and consumer markets. There is at least one known case of the Selectric exploited as a covert listening device of the type known as a " keyboard logger ".

In , bugs were discovered in at least 16 Selectric typewriters in the U. Embassy in Moscow and the U. Consulate in Leningrad. The highly sophisticated devices were planted by the Soviets between and , and were hidden inside a metal support bar. Information was intercepted by detecting the movements of metal bars inside the typewriter the "latch interposers" by means of magnetometers.

The data were then compressed and transmitted in bursts. The Wheelwriter featured a replaceable daisy wheel cartridge, had electronic memory, and offered many word processing features. The Selectric's keyboard layout put the underscore, hyphen, and single and double quote characters as pairs on their own keys — an arrangement which had already been used on many earlier electric typewriters , including IBM's own Model A onwards. The traditional layout of mechanical typewriters had offered these characters as shifts from digit keys.

About a decade later, this character pairing was formalized in the American Standards Association X4. Typewriter pairing became the only supported arrangement in the successor X4. The typist no longer had to use a lowercase L , nor overstrike the single quote and period characters, as had been the practice on most earlier typewriters.

Typewriter pairing was seen on many other computer keyboards, particularly the influential Model M The new layout was not universal, however. Internationally, many layouts kept the bit-paired arrangement. The bit-paired symbols are also retained in the Japanese keyboard layout. Mechanically, the Selectric borrowed some design elements from a toy typewriter produced earlier by Marx Toys.

IBM bought the rights to the design. The mechanism that positions the typing element "ball" takes a binary input, and converts this to character offsets using two mechanical digital-to-analog converters, which are " whiffletree " linkages of the type used for adding and subtracting in linkage-type mechanical analog computers. Every character position on the element has a two-part binary code, one for tilt and one for rotate. The motor at the back of the machine drives a belt connected to a two-part shaft located roughly halfway through the machine.

The cycle shaft on the left side powers the tilt and rotate mechanism. The operational shaft on the right side powers functions such as spacing, backspacing, and case shifting, as well as serving as a governor, limiting the left-to-right speed with which the carrier moves. A series of spring clutches power the cams which provide the motion needed to perform functions such as backspacing. When the typist presses a key, a pawl on the key lever depresses a matching metal bar interposer for that key.

The interposer, which is oriented front to back in the machine, has one or more short projections lugs protruding from its bottom edge.

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